Although they are sometimes used to make spicy meals go down easier, common heartburn drugs can cause serious side effects and should be used with caution, a series of studies released on Monday suggests.
Well-known brands of the drugs — called proton pump inhibitors or PPIs — include AstraZeneca's Nexium and Prilosec. Prilosec, formerly AstraZeneca's biggest seller, is available generically as omeprazole and is also sold over the counter by Procter & Gamble.
While the drugs are a great help to the right patients, they can raise the risk of fractures in post-menopausal women and cause bacterial infections in many patients, according to a special report in the Archives of Internal Medicine.
Each year in the United States, patients fill an estimated 113 million prescriptions for PPIs, which treat inflammation of the esophagus, gastroesophageal reflux disease, ulcers, and several other conditions.
The drugs have U.S. sales of $13.9 billion a year, making them the third-biggest seller, according to Dr. Mitchell Katz of the San Francisco Department of Public Health, who wrote a commentary in the same journal.
Katz said the drugs are often used to treat common indigestion.
"That proton pump inhibitors relieve dyspepsia is without question, but at what cost (and I do not mean financial)?" he wrote.
Katz said all drugs have side effects, and sometimes the benefits outweigh the risks. But doctors need to keep that equation in mind, he wrote.
In one of five studies in the report, a team led by Shelly Gray of the University of Washington in Seattle studied 161,806 women between 50 and 79. After eight years of follow-up, they found women who took the drugs were at greater risk for fractures overall, especially of the spine and wrist.
In a different study, Dr. Michael Howell of Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School and colleagues analyzed more than 100,000 patients discharged from hospitals over a five-year period.
They found a 74 percent increase in cases of infections with Clostridium difficile — a common and sometimes deadly cause of diarrhea — among people who used a PPI daily.
And an analysis by Dr. Patrick Yachimski, formerly of Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston and now of Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, found that standardized guidelines can remind doctors of the appropriate use of the drugs and cut back on their overuse.
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